How serious is Global Warming?

This report will cover Global Warming and its effects on people. Also this report will look at different ways that Global Warming affects humans as well as animals. This research report will cover climate change, greenhouses gases and evidence to support Global Warming. Evidence There is a lot of evidence to support the Global Warming; however the significance of the source depends on the reliability of the source. One of the most reliable methods of collecting data to show Global Warming is ice-core dating. Ice cores are samples dag up from accumulation of snow and ice over a period of time that recrystallized and trapped air bubbles[1]. Measuring temperature of the Earth's surface with thermometer can only provide data for past two or three centuries. Another sources of information about the past, is studying peat bogs or dendrochronology. Plants produce pollen in vast amounts, and each species of plants has a distinctive type of pollen. When looking at peat bogs. Differences between species and between the ecological conditions needed to flourish best, their pollen allows scientists to determine temperature and humidity levels of past years. Tree ring analysis is also used by scientists when looking at Climate change. Each year, tree produces new layer of xylem vessels. The diameter of xylem depends on the season2. The width of the tree ring can tell the scientists about the growth of the tree. This evidence is reliable as tree is dependent on the environment, the temperature and the humidity. All methods produce reliable data, however validity of the evidence can be questioned. The validity depends on whoever carries out the research. If the research is carried out by a private company (e.g. (BP) British Petroleum) will show only some of the data the most reliable to the question or to prove a certain point. The most reliable researches are carried out by independent companies or universities. What is Global Warming? The solar radiation in form of light waves passes through the atmosphere. Most of it is absorbed by the earth and warms it. Some of the waves are reradiated back into space in form of infrared waves. However, some of the Infrared radiation is trapped by the Earth's atmosphere and it warms it. As the composition of atmosphere changes and it thickens, more infrared radiation is trapped causing the raise in global temperatures. In natural cycle the concentration of CO2 in the air should equal the composition of carbon dioxide in the soil. However human activity changed that by releasing extra CO2 from the fossil fuels into atmosphere. The natural cycle is out of equilibrium and can not get rid of the excess of the gas. Causes of global warming One of the main causes for the Global Warming is human activity. The human needs and populations becoming lazy caused everything to be computerized and the energy use is great. To supply great deals of energy more fossil fuels are burned and more greenhouse gases are given off to the atmosphere. Also the lack of commitment of human race to healthy life styles caused the car manufacturers to increase the car production in recent years. Everyone wants to own at least one car, but they don't think about consequences of that. Many more cars cause a lot of emission of CO2 into the atmosphere. Greenhouse Gas Formula Contribution (%) Water Vapour H2O 36-70 Carbon Dioxide CO2 9-26 Methane CH4 4-9 Ozone O3 3-7 The raising temperature causes more water to vaporise, which leads to more UV light being trapped by the atmosphere, therefore the increase in the average temperature. As the graph above shows over a period of hundred years there is a positive skew, which indicated the increases in temperature. The increase is around 1oC, which could suggest a fast increases in surface temperatures. Environmental implications The increases in the concentration of greenhouses gases in the atmosphere, the possibility of acidic rains increases. Acid rains are caused by emissions of compounds of ammonia, carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur which react with the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids.[5] The below diagram shows the damage to the European Forests caused by Acid rain and Air pollution. The data shows on the above diagram was collected in 1988, which means that by now there would be more damage made to the European forests over the past 20 years as the concentration of gases increases in the atmosphere. Economic Implications As the climate changes and the surface temperature increases, the food companies may find it tricky to grow crops in certain parts of the world where they did before. This means that rice for example may not grow in Asia and this may lead to big scale starvation. This could also be seen as a social implication to the Global warming. On the other hand, car industries may have planned rises in sales. There are two reasons for that. One of them is the fact that everyone now want to own a car, however that will only increase the concentration of carbon dioxide in air. Car industries are coming with new ways of overcoming the CO2 emission and are producing hydrogen powered cars. Many hybrids have been designed by many different car manufactures, however they are not widely available for public use as they are more expensive than the petrol powered cars. Prevention of Global Warming To help prevent Global Warming, the emission of Carbon Dioxide has to be lowered and emission of other greenhouse gases. One of the ways in which gas emission can be lowered is use of renewable energy sources. One of the powers that we could use is solar power or wind power, however in England there is a problem with solar powering as there is not a lot of sun and it is not reliable. Many hot countries in the developing world, for example countries of South America could use sun light as their source of energy. However when using sun light energy, back up batteries or generators are essential as sunlight is not a reliable source of energy. In the UK not many houses are solar powered as the installation of PV cells is very expensive. It is important that the developing countries lower their gases emission and start to use renewable sources of energy as the consumption is going up along with the CO2 emission. The industrialized countries are around 24% of world population and use about 75% of energy. Along with that they account for 73% of CO2emission in the combustion of fossil fuels. Meanwhile, it is projected that energy consumption will increase primarily in the developing world related to the population growth and the ongoing industrialization in the future. Another way of lowering carbon emission was introduced by the car industries which introduced hydrogen powered cars. In hydrogen combustion water is given out when hydrogen is used as a fuel. It can be seen that Global Warming is a serious issue even to the government, as the mayor of London decided to have 8 hydrogen powered buses by 2012. It sound like it is not a lot but still developing hydrogen powered engines are very expensive.

Deontology Should Govern Decision Making in Business

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2 2. Decision making in business   2 3. Characteristics of deontology .   3 4. Arguments in favour of applying deontology in business   4 5. Arguments against applying deontology in business   6. Conclusion   9 References   9 â€Å"Deontology should govern decision making in business†. Discuss. 1. Introduction Boylan (2000: 2) refers to ethics as â€Å"the science concerning the right and wrong of human action†. Teleology and deontology are the two major schools of thought that dominate ethical decision-making in the context of business.Teleology refers to consequences and is founded on the principle of utility maximisation. This concept judges behaviour by its effects on the overall welfare of all stakeholders. Deontology, on the other hand, views consequences as secondary. Under this philosophy, decisions and acts are evaluated in terms of their intrinsic worth. Deontology is more demanding than teleology, because it rates decisions and acts in absolute terms. For example, even if a decision or action satisfies the rule of the majority, deontology would reject that articular option if, as a result of it, a minority of stakeholders are likely to suffer. 2. Decision making in business When business firms are charged with infractions, and when there is legal investigation on the managers of those firms, there is a concern raised about moral behavior in business. Hence, the level of trust, which is one of the foundations of the business environment, is threatened. In fact, managers often have to make decisions under economic, professional and social pressure. The decision-making process will always present ethical challenges. Is this the right thing to do?This question is the essence of the ethical dilemma for any decision maker in today’s corporations. A collection of factors will be taken in consideration in answering to this question. Is it right for the company? Is it right for the shareholder s? Is it right for the society? For the customers? For the decision maker himself? Indeed, business people have many sources of ethical theories to choose from when making decisions. Each moral system gives a unique perspective on different situations. Managers and business owners use these guidelines to act in fair and socially responsible ways.The ground rules about which a decision maker will care are hence highly dependent on the moral approach. 3. Characteristics of deontology Deontology bases itself on the intrinsic worth of the decision or act. No allowance is made for unethical conduct under this philosophy. A business manager, who accepts deontology, will hold that some moral principles are binding, regardless of the consequences. Deontological ethics is the opposite of consequential ethics. The moral person does his duty regardless of the consequences.If a manager takes a deontological approach to ethics, he defines his duty by asking â€Å"What is the universal principle to be followed? † Deontological ethics refers to an established source of ethics guidance, such as industry standard or an official code of company conduct. In fact, Immanuel Kant refined deontological ethics and posited that the nature of morality is to do one’s duty even when we are not inclined to do it, and not because we are afraid of the consequences of not doing it. Kant referred to deontology as the categorical imperative.Under this principle, a moral imperative must be categorical or absolute, providing a lasting motive to adopt a particular course of action, categorized as ‘right’ or ‘ethical’. The rationale behind the principle of deontology is that each action has intrinsic worth and unconditional value. Ferrell et al. (2008) refer to deontology as non-consequentialism, ethical formalism, or ethics of respect-for-persons. The principle of deontology states that decisions should be judged on the circumstances in which they are made, rather than by their consequences.Deontology is the study of duty. In philosophy, it means specifically ethics based on duty regardless of consequences. Deontological ethics refers to rules stated in terms of other features of the courses of action, notably whether they represent fulfillment of an agreement or other duty or right, and/or involve the treatment of others with due respect. Since human beings have free will and thus are able to act from laws required by reason, Kant believed they have dignity or a value beyond price. Thus, one human being cannot use another simply to satisfy his or her own interests.This is the core insight behind Kant’s second formulation of the categorical imperative: â€Å"Always treat the humanity in a person as an end and never as a means merely. † What are the implications of this formulation of the categorical imperative for business? 4. Arguments in favour of applying deontology in business The deontological theory states that peo ple should adhere to their obligations and duties when analyzing an ethical dilemma. This means that the person will take into consideration his obligations to other people involved and the society at large when taking a decision thus fulfilling his duty which is considered ethically correct.A deontologist will never break a promise made to other parties. He will never to do something that is against the law. Thus a deontologist will be very consistent in his decision making which will be based on duty of the individual. Deontology provides the basis for special duty towards other individuals like your family members. For example, older children have a special duty of protection and care for their younger siblings, in the absence of parents older children are expected to take due care of the younger ones preventing them in doing things that may cause harm to themselvesDeontology also praises those who do an act of supererogation; this is when someone exceeds his duties and obligatio ns towards other persons or the society at large. For example, in case of a fire in a building, someone may go inside the building on fire risking his own life to save the lives of others. His duty would have been to call the fire services where fireman are equipped to handle this situation but instead of waiting for the firemen , he exceeds his duty by saving other people himself. It should be pointed out that the â€Å"respect for persons† principle does not prohibit commercial transactions.No one is used as merely a means in a voluntary economic exchange where both parties benefit. What this formulation of the categorical imperative does do is to put some constraints on the nature of economic transactions. Another concern about contemporary business practice is the extent to which employees have very limited knowledge about the affairs of the company. In an economic view, a Kantian approach to business ethics terminology, there is high information asymmetry between managem ent and the employees.Wherever one side has information that it keeps from other side, there is a severe temptation for abuse of power and deception. A Kantian would look for ways to reduce the information asymmetry between management and employees. In practical terms, a Kantian would endorse the practice known as open book management. The adoption of practices like open book management would go far toward correcting the asymmetrical information that managers possess, a situation that promotes abuse of power and deception. Open book management lso enhances employee self-respect. For a Kantian, meaningful work: * is freely chosen and provides opportunities for the worker to exercise autonomy on the job; * supports the autonomy and rationality of human beings; work that lessens autonomy or that undermines rationality is immoral; * provides a salary sufficient to exercise independence and provide for physical wellbeing and the satisfaction of some of the worker’s desires; * enab les a worker to develop rational capacities; and * does not interfere with a worker’s moral development. . Arguments against applying deontology in business Management, by definition, is the planning, leading, organizing and controlling available resources to achieve goals and objectives. Hence, one of the basic functions of management, controlling, is according to Harold Koontz, â€Å"the measurement and correction of performance in order to make sure that enterprise objectives and the plans devised to attain them are accomplished†. Consequently, it is largely based on outcomes and accountability of the business.Managers are therefore required to be accountable towards achieving their objectives and one of the ways to achieve this is by analyzing whether their actions are in line with expected outcomes and henceforth modify their future decision making process accordingly. In fact, this function is considered as one of the fundamental aspect of management and deriving from this will give rise to a major shortcoming in management decisions. Relying on universalism and good will of managers will not be enough in management decision making to achieve the vision, goals and objectives set by the organisation.Deontology requires that managers’ decisions be based on duty instead of consequences and must be followed for its own sake irrespective of the outcome. Such stance is considered as inflexible. It should be noted that norms vary from culture to culture, society to society and even people to people. Consequently having a rigid stance in respect of decisions may not be the best initiative for managers. The definition of right and wrong will depend on the culture, individual or historical period.Decisions taken in particular societies might be considered as ethical while in others as non-ethical. In this context, it is easier to understand why, when faced with the requirement to select a model of how we ought to live our lives, many people ch oose the idea of ethical relativism, where that ethical principles are defined by the traditions of their society, their personal opinions, and the circumstances of the present moment. The idea of relativism implies some degree of flexibility as opposed to strict black-and-white rules.From this perspective, it is better for managers to base their decision as a result of interactions with individuals and social institutions. Moreover, by definition an organization comprise a group of people with common objectives. No organization would be able to survive without its â€Å"people† such as owners who risk their money in the business, employees who provide the mental and physical efforts required for successful working of the business or managers who are involved in the daily operations of the organization.Managers know that without its people there won’t be any organization. Hence, recognizing the stakes of such stakeholders is sometimes fundamental for the survival of th e company. Sticking to a â€Å"rule based† approach as proposed by deontology might not help in certain cases where human resource for instance is involved. Care based-theorists seek solutions to ethical challenges on a case-by-case basis. To do otherwise means applying a blunt instrument across all situations (Hovland & Wolburg, 2012).They recognize that their approach requires stepping out of a comfort zone of â€Å"infallible† rules, but because it is grounded in human relationships, their approach is more likely to find solutions based on fairness (Hovland & Wolburg, 2012). Care-based theorists assume that humans are interdependent and need others for survival (Tronto 1993), that moral reason involves the interplay between emotions and reason (Noddings 2003; Held 1993), and that moral solutions must work for people within the context in which they live (Slattery et al. n press). In 1970, Nobel Prize winning economist, Milton Friedman published an article under the provocative title ‘The social responsibility of business is to increase profits’ where he posited that the managers’ fiduciary responsibility is to make profits since it is the main reason behind the setting up of firms. He added that distancing from such objectives would simply mean a theft towards shareholders(Crane and Matten 2004).Hence, he vigorously favoured the philosophy that firms should only aim towards profit maximizing and any other responsibility can only be considered if firms achieve their main objective. If we look at the ethical egoism principle which stipulates that it is necessary and sufficient for an action to be morally right that it maximize one's self-interest, we can see that there is link between these two philosophies. Egoism differs in content from deontological theories such as Kantianism which give weight to the interests of others (Stanford Encyclopedia, 2012).Abiding to deontology in decision making and favouring any other consider ations than that of the shareholders own interests would simply mean drawing away from ethical egoism and hence would considered as a theft out of their pocket. On the other hand, Edward Freeman, who was one of the founding fathers of the stakeholder theory, challenged the idea of Friedman that the main responsibility of business was to maximize profits without any considerations for the interests of all those affected by the business, including customers, suppliers, employees, and, of course, stockholders.There are two principles underlying the stakeholder theory (Crane and Matten 2004): * Principle of corporate rights which requires that a corporation should not violate the rights of others to achieve theirs; and * Principle of corporate effect which requires that business should be accountable of the effect or impact on other parties. However, if we analyze the second principle, it is clear that it is drawn from the utilitarianism philosophy which considers morality on the basis of consequences of actions and the maximization of good to all sections of the society (Greenwood and De Cieri, 2005).Based on this principle of corporate effect, making decisions only on a sense of â€Å"duty† or universal principles may not necessarily give rise to the greatest good to the greatest number of parties and will be in contradiction to the Stakeholder Theory. 6. Conclusion The perceived weaknesses of deontological theories have lead some scholars to consider how to eliminate or at least reduce those weaknesses while preserving deontology's advantages. One way to do this is to embrace both consequentialism and deontology, combining them into some kind of a mixed theory.Given the differing notions of rationality underlying each kind of theory, this is however a difficult task. References: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford  University, Stanford,  CA  94305 http://www. bio. davidson. edu/people/kabe rnd/indep/carainbow/Theories. htm http://atheism. about. com/od/ethicalsystems/a/Deontological. htm http://www. ehow. com/about_6686029_role-business-ethics-decision- king. html#ixzz2AatMlvUJ

First day of middle school Essay

I WAS VERY NERVOUS WHEN I GOT ON THE BUS BECAUSE I DIDN’T KNOW ANYBODY. I NOTICED ONE GIRL FROM MY ELEMENTARY SCHOOL, BUT SHE DIDN’T TALK TO ME FOR TWO DAYS. WHILE I WAS ON THE BUS I INTRODUCED MYSELF TO A BOY NAMED TOMMIE AND WE BECAME FRIENDS. EVERY SINCE I SPOKE THAT DAY, TOMMIE AND HAVE BEEN CLOSE. WE HAVE EACH OTHERS BACK WITH CLASS WORK AND HOMEWORK. DURING LUNCH TOMMIE SAVED ME A SEAT, OUR LOCKERS ARE CLOSE BY EACH OTHER AND WE HAVE SEVERAL CLASSES TOGETHER. I STARTED TO LOOSEN UP AS THE DAY PROGRESSED BECAUSE I REALIZED. MIDDLE SCHOOL IS NOT ALL THAT BAD. MY FIRST PERIOD TEACHER SCARED ME BECAUSE SHE HAD ADEEPVOICE THAT CAUGHT MY ATTENTION. NOW THAT TIME IS PASSING IM MEETING MORE FRIENDS, MORE FRIENDLY TEACHERS AND STAFF. I HAVE LEARNED MY SCHEDULE WHICH IS DIVIDED INTO TWO DAYS ADAYAND B DAY. I LEARNED HOW TO DO THINGS IN A TIMELY MATTER BECAUSE WE CANT BE LATE TO CLASS OR THE BUS. IM STARTING TO SHOW MORE RESPONABLITIES SINCE ENROLLING IN BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE ACADEMY egg pupa larva GET STARTED RIGHT AWAY. This placeholder text includes tips to help you quickly format your report and add other elements, such as a chart, diagram, or table of contents. You might be amazed at how easy it is. LOOK GREAT EVERY TIME †¢Need a heading? On the Home tab, in the Styles gallery, just click the heading you want. Notice other styles in that gallery as well, such as for a quote or a numbered list. †¢You might like the photo on the cover page as much as we do, but if it’s not ideal for your report, right-click it and then click Change Picture to add your own. †¢Adding a professional-quality graphic is a snap. In fact, when you add a chart or a SmartArt diagram from the Insert tab, it automatically matches the look of your report. GIVE IT THAT FINISHING TOUCH Need to add a table of contents or a bibliography? No sweat. ADD A TABLE OF CONTENTS It couldn’t be easier to add a table of contents to your report. Just click in the document where you want the TOC to appear. Then, on the References tab, click Table of Contents and then click one of the Automatic options. When you do, the TOC is inserted and text you formatted using Heading 1, Heading 2, and Heading 3 styles is automatically added to it. ADD A BIBLIOGRAPHY On the References tab, in the Citations & Bibliography group, click Insert Citation for the option to add sources and then place citations in the document. 2 When you’ve added all the citations you need for your report, on the References tab, click Bibliography to insert a formatted bibliography in your choice of styles. And you’re done. Nice work!      

Green Supply Chain Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Green Supply Chain Management - Essay Example Green et al (2008) have described supply chain management as integration and coordination of strategy alignments such as responsiveness, customer focus, quality, efficiency etc and business processes such as purchasing raw material, manufacturing product, logistics, marketing and (IS) or information system in the supply chain with an intention of satisfying purpose of end users. Zelbst et al (2010) have found that, activities throughout the supply chain causes environment pollution but if organizations manage its supply chain activities then it will not only decrease environmental pollution but also help the organization to decrease costs related to fuel fed transportation system which is an integrated part of supply chain management. Vachon and Klassen (2007) have found that environment sustainability is more of supply chain imperative in contrast to organizational imperative. Green et al (2008) have raised question over the holistic nature of the term â€Å"sustainable supply chai n management† and stated that, it is necessary for every supply chain partner to act responsively otherwise it is not possible to design a sustainable supply chain framework. In such context, Vasileiou and Morris (2006) have stated that green supply chain or sustainable supply is the environment friendly version of supply chain activities, for example, in the green supply chain; products are manufactured through environment friendly manner, transported through environment friendly vehicles and stored in environment friendly manner. Research scholars have argued that, manufacturing companies were forced to think about a greener supply chain management due to increasing pressure of governmental environmental regulations. It is evident from the above discussion that green supply chain is highly debatable topic among research scholars; hence study will dig deep on the topic by reviewing the existing literature on green supply chain and find how companies can improve their green su pply chain management. Any discussion on green supply chain will be incomplete without defining or understanding core elements of green supply chain management, hence in the next section the study will try define the concept of green supply chain management. Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) According to Handfield and Nichols (2002, p.8), â€Å"Supply chain management is an integrated management system of supply chain organisations and activities through cooperative organisational relationships, business processes, and high levels of information sharing systems that provide member organisations a sustainable competitive advantage.† In such context, Van Hoek (2002) has pointed out that organizations need to work on improving social and environmental benefits for its value chain partners, which means organizations, need to implement greener technology in order to decrease carbon emission in the value chain. Organizations need to think about environmental impact of the supply chain on consumers, for example, fuel fed transportation between supplier and the consumer not only creates negative impact on the environment but also increases cost for customers. Zhu et al. (2008, p. 262) have given a holistic definition of GSCM by taking account the concept of value chain, â€Å"green purchasing to integrated life-cycle management of supply chains flowing from supplier, through to manufacturer, customer, and closing the loop with reverse logistics.†

Reducing and preventing obesity (through proper exercise, nutrition, Research Paper

Reducing and preventing obesity (through proper exercise, nutrition, and lifestyle changes) - Research Paper Example Obesity is a growing epidemic in the United States that affects two-thirds of the adult population (American Obesity, n.d.). Not only is it physically unappealing, but the health risks involved with obesity should be everyone’s concern. Obesity has been linked to cardiovascular diseases, Type 2 diabetes, and increased morbidity (Flegal, Carroll, Ogden and Curtin, 2010). The statistics on obesity over the past few decades have been staggering. Obesity is preventable through proper nutrition, exercise, and lifestyle changes. Obesity is classified as a chronic illness of extreme relevance that appropriate government agencies have included it as one of its priorities under the national agenda of Health People 2020. Categorized under ‘Nutrition and Weight Status’, the program’s goal was to â€Å"promote health and reduce chronic disease risk through the consumption of healthful diets and achievement and maintenance of healthy body weights† (Healthy People 2020, n.d., par. 1). Defining obesity necessitates understanding the important element of using the body mass index as the framework for computation. The body mass index â€Å"determines whether a person’s weight is appropriate for height by dividing the weight in kilograms by the height in meters squared† (Delaune and Ladner, 2006, 345). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has officially provided separate definitions of obesity for adults and for children and teens, to wit: â€Å"An adult who has a BMI between 25 and 29.9 is considered overweight. An adult who has a BMI of 30 or higher is considered obese† (CDC: Definition for Adults, 2010, par. 2).... ory to obesity, presenting the consequences, prior to delving into the suggested interventions to address the dilemma through proper nutrition, exercise and lifestyle changes. Scope and Nature of the Problem The World Health Organization (WHO) has acknowledged obesity as a global problem. According to its official website, â€Å"once considered a problem only in high income countries, overweight and obesity are now dramatically on the rise in low- and middle-income countries, particularly in urban settings† (WHO, 2011, par. 1). Data and statistics provided by CDC indicate that despite the goals identified under the Healthy People 2010 program to reduce the proportion of adults and children who are obese (CDC: Healthy People 2010, n.d.), the recent report revealed that â€Å"in 2009, no state met the Healthy People 2010 obesity target of 10%, and the self-reported overall prevalence of obesity among U.S. adults had increased 1.1 percentage points from 2007† (CDC: Vital S igns, 2010, 1). The alarming outcome and the continuing increasing trend have proven the need for intensive efforts to focus on interventions that would create a positive impact on preventing and reducing obesity. The WHO (2011) published relevant facts pertinent to global statistics on obesity and overweight, as cited below: â€Å"1.5 billion adults, 20 and older, were overweight. Of these 1.5 billion overweight adults, over 200 million men and nearly 300 million women were obese. Overall, more than one in ten of the world’s adult population was obese† (par. 7) Despite the disturbing figures and statistics, WHO indicated that obesity can be prevented. Aside from identifying changes in factors contributory to obesity, lead agencies, social work and health care practitioners have specifically detailed

Organization and management 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organization and management 1 - Essay Example often the goal of management to promote team-based philosophies and secure a management consensus on how best to develop a plan of action to meet long-term objectives. In many instances, this is the nature of conflict in the organisation, as differing perspectives based on personal belief systems creates a situation in which subordinates and managers alike are unable to reach this consensus about which steps to take to enhance productivity. Further, conflict can arise in the organisation based on authority, where subordinate members of the business are directed by an authoritarian manager who wishes to control individual job functions (Klein, 2002). In such a situation, the subordinate employee, who is often referred to by various professionals as an individual wishing for fair treatment and a certain level of autonomy, is under-utilised as a team member and prone to more rigid managerial styles (Ankilhar, 2001). What this creates is an employee who is dissatisfied with being treated as a mere subordinate by rigidly-controlled management, thus they are less apt Conflict can be somewhat avoided in the organisation, however it is important that leadership teams are well-versed in theories associated with human psychology. For instance, in the situation where conflict has arisen between members of the management staff, especially regarding reaching a consensus about an appropriate course of action for the company to meet its long-term goals, avoiding conflict involves promoting a team-working concept in which all members of the team are allowed to publicly speak their grievances. This creates a situation in which mutual respect is perceived as a primary goal of management. When conflict arises, avoidance can be proactive in nature, meaning that a manager who is competent in communication and human psychology can start with basic subordinate respect by using positive reinforcement when the job tasks are completed successfully. This creates, theoretically, an

Television Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Television - Essay Example Eventually, this lead to cable TV programming where people actually paid for cable TV to avoid the low quality programming running on the standard television. Satellite TV programming was invented after some decades of cable TV programming. During the cold war era, the first satellite of DirecTV and Dish Network commenced into orbit. This had a high level of quality programming. Without this technology of DirecTV and Dish Network, there would have been no concept of high definition programming in the present era. This is due to the lack of ability and technology for cable programming to provide high definition programming. Therefore the advancements in the television industry were greatly boosted by DirecTV and the Dish Network. Sports programming is being lead by DirecTV and the movies area is being lead by the Dish Network. These two giant TV programming industries have made history in the television industry along with many future unfolds remaining to be revealed (Recent Technological Advancements in Television, 2012). The invention of television has evolved itself from a black and white mode to a color mode with 42 inch plasma screens and sound. The invention of television involves many people and has a long timeline involved but the first person to think about creating something like television was a true innovator. The television history lies with Philo Farnsworth. Philo was an American engineer and thought about transmission of picture when he was only 14 years old. In 1927, he was the first person to invent and transmit an image on television. The image was transmitted on the television via a dissector tube ((Wyckoff, 2008) Furthermore, the invention of mechanical TV was invented in the year 1884 by Paul Nipkow. He developed a technology of rotating disc that allowed pictures to be transmitted over the wire. This was the first ever scanning system in the areas of

STRATEGY consulting brief about Air Australia Essay

STRATEGY consulting brief about Air Australia - Essay Example Michael James joined Strategic Group in 2002 as an equal shareholder, alongside Shaun Aisen, and executive director. However, in 2011, Shaun Aisen exited the company resulting in Michael James becoming the sole owner. A few months later, other key members of staff, including the chief executive, commercial manager, and chief operating officer, left the company citing disagreements with Mr. James’ leadership as the main cause. On February 17, 2012, the company’s directors agreed that the company be placed into voluntary administration. Finally, in March of the same year, the company’s creditors voted, for Air Australia to be placed into liquidation. This was because the company could not be sold since nobody had expressed interest, and the company’s assets were not enough to cover the debts it had incurred. Air Australia’s main appeal was their cheap tickets since the company was a low-cost carrier. The budget airline provided affordable travel and, therefore, families could opt to travel short distances by air rather than spend several hours on the road. By providing low-priced, convenient, and frequent flights, Air Australia obtained its competitive advantage over its competitors. Air Australia competitive strengths also include the company’s superior customer service and capability to offer the lowest fares. Although, the company was knee-deep in debt, it had an unequaled customer service within the airline industry (Horst, 2011). Air Australia had debts amounting to an estimated $90 million but only had assets worth $1 million, since the company leased much of its equipment. The company had also been unable to pay aviation charges and fees to Air Services Australia, and owed both Melbourne Airport and Perth Airport vast amounts for terminal leasing. The company’s business had been ailing for a long time but had managed to survive, because it was cash

The Organization of Experimental Reports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Organization of Experimental Reports - Essay Example The scientific method which applies in the experimental report arrives to availability and existence a physical object and event at the end. In writing or coming up with the report, a lot of scientific measures have to take place in order to identify the whereabouts and existence of the event or object being reported. For example, in witting down about the existence of Homo erectus species, scientific experiments have to be carried out to prove the existence and the evolution process (Gross 45). Scientific methods are used in providing the certainty of existence of objects and events but questions have risen about the accuracy of the method in proofing existence of events and objects. Thomas is arguing against the use of scientific method in preparing experimental report because the method does not give accurate proof of the argument. For example, the phenomenon beyond white blood cell protecting the body and blocking the blood flow is not well elaborated by use of scientific method. Another claim by scholars like Bacon indicates that it is good to use inductive method while organizing an experimental report rather than scientific method. In respect to Bacon’s argument, the principles of inductive methods are more appropriate and this makes it a good method of preparing an experimental report. Inductive method allows super structuring of theories and ideas, and it is more applicable to write an experimental report as ideas can be concluded using deductive measures (Gross 51).

Principles of Economics Essay Example for Free

Principles of Economics Essay Italy is one of industrial countries in the world in European. According to Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (28 May 2009), Italy has two sections of economy; one is developed industrial north and less-developed with high unemployment in south. In 2008, the unemployment rate in Italy was estimated with 6. 8%, especially in agriculture. In the current financial crisis, many companies get stuck in financial difficulties so that they could not provide work and pay enough salary for employees. It leads to employees dismissal and workers become unemployment. In some other cases, people lose their jobs by their skills are not enough with work requirement and by many unpredictable reasons, namely natural calamity, earthquake, tsunami. Unemployment is one of the most popular problems in many countries all over the world. High unemployment rate makes bad influences on not only national economy but also living condition of citizens. People are willing to work but they can not find any job. They would have to reduce their demands so that productivity of firms also decreases. Unemployment also affects to some other factors such as health, education, insurance, etc. In many countries, the Government tries to control unemployment rate effectively. Because of unemployment situation, the Government has to spend more money on investing and purchasing goods and services made by firms to increase productivity in a short time. This section called Government expenditure or Government spending. The more the Government spends on firms, the better the company could be. Moreover, the Government also has to spend a huge amount of money on building schools, hospitals and improving traffic system per year. Especially, the Government would be in charge when there is any problem that influences civil living, such as poverty, communicative diseases, natural disasters and other social welfares for orphan children and old people. SUMMARY OF THE ARTICLE: An earthquake in Italy. â€Å"Death in the mountains† The article is all about an earthquake happened in L’Aquila, Italy recently which caused at least 250 cases death; over 1,000 injured, a loss of 39 habitants of Onna single village and 13,000 buildings damaged, (included the historic and artistic monuments). Besides, there is 17,000 people became homeless and the number of those who are unable to return to their homes until having been inspected is perhaps as many as 70,000. These numbers show that Italy in general and its economy in particular is facing a big trouble. How does Italy deal with this? Mr Silvio Berlusconi, the Minister of Economy and Finance of Italy firstly announced a dispatch of 14,500 tents for the homeless after touring to the area and those people are being cared for by the government. He also decided to decline offers of foreign help despite the magnitude of the damage is daunting and the public debt is exceeding the annual GDP of Italy. Besides, he intended to tap European Union funds as well as spending some cash for the construction project as a response to the economic crisis. UNEMPLOYMENT: Unemployment is simply known as people who are at the work age but currently jobless, those who are able and willing to work but cannot find a job or those who quit their job or being fired for some reasons. High unemployment makes bad affect not only for the living condition of people but also for the national economy. There are two types of unemployment: †¢ Disequilibrium unemployment is which happens when the average real wage rate is higher than the point that equates the aggregate demand and the supply of labour. †¢ Equilibrium unemployment is which happens when there are people unable or unwilling to find jobs. Applying to Italy economy, according to Italica news, the unemployment rate in Italy is quite high, 7. 1 percent in quarter 4 of 2008. And as mentioned above, the recently earthquake brings Italy a big trouble that it killed people, destroyed their homes, work places, and thus, people suddenly become homeless, jobless. This not only affects to the living of people but also leads the economy of Italy into deep recession. Unemployment occurs. Italy case of unemployment is type of disequilibrium unemployment: the earthquake destroyed the work places, people obviously lose jobs, besides, when the buildings collapsed or are damaged, firms have to spend money on rebuild and repair things, thus there will be a cut back on production and on the number of labour (demand-deficient) and as a result, the number of unemployment goes high (supply is higher than demand), there is surplus of labour in Italy. Secondly, this case can also be considered as frictional unemployment (a type of equilibrium unemployment) because people are not voluntarily leave their jobs but they are made redundant and losing their work places. In addition, using the circular flow of income will help explain better how the earthquake affects the economy of Italy. When people become unemployment, they will tend to cut back their consumption (domestic consumption goods and service decreases), start saving, thus, the firms lower their productivity (national income decreases, net saving increase). The Government will decreases taxes (net taxes decrease), in contract, to rebuild things, the investment and government expenditure will increase. The export expenditure and import expenditure will decrease because earthquake affects a lot on the tourism of Italy as it destroyed many ancient structures of Italy and make this place a mess. (Y) (C) (I) (G) (X) (S) (T) (M) SHORT-TERM AND LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON ITALY’S ECONOMY 1. Short-term effects †¢ Demand Curve P Supply curve shift P1 Equilibrium P2 New Equilibrium New demand curve Demand curve Q2 Q1 Q Actually, because of strongly earthquake destruction, citizens’ lives are affected. They live essentially base on grants and money that draw from the bank. The demand will decrease and curve shift to the left side so that make a new lower equilibrium. In this difficulty, the company cannot prevent the business because people don’t want to spend money. This change will make a worse effect to economic that still got lots of problem. †¢ Circular Flow of Income Corruption (I) (G) (X) (Y) (C) (S) (T) (M) Transfer Payments Corruption Properly, the earthquake effected directly and strongly to economy of Abruzzo region as well as GDP of Italy in 2009. Apply to the circular flow of income: Firstly, people lost their houses and properties so that the consumption of goods and services will decrease; after that the national income also decreases because firms were collapsed by the earthquake destruction and the demand is lower. Firms would produce less bring the price to higher. Secondly, the saving will decrease at the accidental region because people do not have so much money and increase in another places because the price is higher, people frequently save money. Due to the falling of demand, banks and investors will keep money, spend less into the investment. Thirdly, government expenditure must to spend a huge amount for rebuilding the infrastructure, namely public transportation, pipelines, and electricity. Moreover, the transfer payment is spent on unemployment, finding death and survivors under the ruins, relieving homeless people, providing drinks, food and medical treatments. After the earthquake, the firms fell down; many jobs lost; L’Aquila is the old city with famous architecture, the tourism is heavily affected so the taxation will decrease. Moreover, the corruption happened that make the circular flow of income become smaller and smaller and could be broken. To sum up, the circular of income is directly affected by earthquakes as well as natural disasters. The solution for that problem still has many barriers; Italy government and President Berlusconi must work totally hard. 2. Long-term effects. Earthquake directly affected certain macroeconomics variables include natural resources, physical capital, human capital and technology. Mostly, the negative impacts will be set on the short time, but positive influences also are classified permanently. First, the natural resources is destroyed that make bad impacts the economic depend on tourism like L’Aquila shortly, but in the long-term, it contribute new landscapes naturally in attracting people to come. Second, the physical capitals are collapsed and governments, investors will put money to build new ones fast and strongly replace the old. For example, President and parliament plan to build â€Å"British-style† new town in L’Aquila, make it more modern and ready to develop. The infrastructures will give people the jobs in building and fixing. It affects on human capital who are unemployment and poverty because of the disaster. Last, government will spend more to extend the forecast systems, make it become more accurate and faster in noticing the earthquakes. Definitely, negative or positive effects depend mostly on circumstances. With the high rank of corruptions, public debts and the downturn of national economy; Italy will make lots of efforts on turn round the development and increase % GDP. CORRUPTION: Corruption is a fact of life around the world, appears in all countries with low, medium or even high-income economy. Corruption leads to inequality, wasted resources and wasted public money. Corruption emerges one of the most serious problems within Italian economy besides high rate of unemployment and public debt, and it is related intimately with criminal organization known as mafia. There are some different types of corruption such as bribery, blackmail, tax evasion, official misconduct, etc. (Independent Commission Against Corruption. ) but within this work and the given case study we just mention corruption in Italian public works. Transparency International’s 2008 Bribe Payers’ Index found that public works/construction was the sector most vulnerable to corruption in emerging economies worldwide. It is really difficult to measure exactly the level of corruption in a specific country since the amount of money involved is not reported. All data used to estimate corruption in this work is based on the figure provided by Transparency International (TI), the global civil society organisation bills itself as a leader in fighting against corruption. TI uses CPI (Corruption Perception Index ) rank countries in terms of the degree to which corruption is perceived to exist among public officials and politicians. The CPI draws on different polls and surveys from more than ten independent institutions, for example, World Bank/European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, World Markets Research Centre, International Institute for Management Development and so on. Those surveys are also carried out among businesspeople and country analysts, including surveys of residents of countries. It is not the most accurate tool to measure corruption in any specific country but it is quite reliable. After the terrible earthquake on April 6, 2009, according to Interior Minister Roberto Maroni, Italy needs at least 12 billion euros to rebuild Abruzzo (News Source  © 2009 Reuters). However, with the quite high score in the 2008 CPI (4. 8 ), the government of Italy has to be cautious and consider carefully when pouring money into reconstructing Abruzzo unless they want to make another scandal Campania 1980, when some money was diverted to the Camorra, one of 3 biggest mafia organizations in Italy. When corruption exists, the money from transfer payment in circular flow of income will run out instead of injecting fully to households. The higher level of corruption is, the more money runs out that circular, causes the lesser supply of money in the whole economy and the government has to spend more money that would raise the public debt. If there is a corruption in the above project of Italy, the government will face the increase in public debt which exceeded Italy’s annual GDP already. And if the Italian Treasury were unable to find buyers for Italian sovereign bonds, Italy could default.

The Ruthenium Red Test Biology Essay

The Ruthenium Red Test Biology Essay This test is subjected to identification of carbohydrates. 1 w/v dispersion of test substance was prepared in distilled water. Test mixture was combined with a small amount of molischs reagent in a test tube. After mixing, small amount of concentrated sulphuric acid was slowly added down the sides of the sloping test tube to obtain violet ring at junction. 5.2.1.4. Ninhydrin test This test is subjected to identification of proteins. 2 ml aqueous solution of test substance and 1 ml alcoholic ninhydrin solution was mixed in test tube and heated at 80Â ° C for 5 min to obtain red color. 5.2.1.5. Test with iodine This test is subjected to identification of non reducing polysachharides (starch). 1 % w/v dispersion of test substance was prepared in distilled water. 3 ml test solution and few drops of dilute Iodine solution were mixed to obtain blue color after cooling and no color after heating. 5.2.1.6. Biuret test This test is subjected to identification of proteins. 1 % w/v dispersion of test substance was prepared in distilled water. 3 ml test solution, 1 ml 4% sodium hydroxide and 2 drops of copper sulphate solution were mixed to obtain violet to pink. 5.2.1.7. Salkowski test This test is subjected to identification of steroids. 1 % w/v dispersion of test substance was prepared in distilled water. 2 ml test solution, 2 ml chloroform and 2 ml conc. sulphuric acid were mixed and shaken well to obtain red colored chloroform layer and greenish yellow fluorescence in acid layer. 5.2.1.8. Baljet test This test is subjected to identification of glycosides. 1 % w/v dispersion of test substance was prepared in distilled water. 2ml test solution and 2 ml sodium picrate was mixed in test tube to obtain yellow to orange color. 5.2.1.9. Shinoda test This test is subjected to identification of flavonoids. 1 % w/v dispersion of test substance was prepared in distilled water. 3 ml test substance, 5 ml 95% ethanol, 2 drops of Conc. HCl and 0.5 g magnesium turnings were mixed to obtain pink color. 5.2.1.10. Wagners test This test is subjected to identification of alkaloids. 1 % w/v dispersion of test substance was prepared in distilled water and filtered. 3 ml test solution filtrate was mixed with 2 drops of Wagners reagent to obtain reddish brown precipitate. 5.2.1.11. Test with acetic acid solution This test is subjected to identification of alkaloids. 1 % w/v dispersion of test substance was prepared in distilled water. 2 ml test solution and acetic acid solution were mixed to obtain red color. 5.2.2. Physicochemical studies123 5.2.2.1. Viscosity 1% w/v solution of test substance was prepared in distilled water and 0.1 N HCl separately. Solutions were kept at 37 Â ± 2 Â °C for 6 hours. Viscosity of test solutions determined using Brookfield viscometer using spindle no. 3 at 50 rpm (Model No. DV-E). 5.2.2.2. pH determination124 1 % w/v dispersion of test substance in distilled water was prepared by shaking for 30 min and the pH determined using a pH meter (Elico). 5.2.2.3. Swelling Index88 Swelling index is the volume in ml occupied by 1 g of a drug, including any adhering mucilage, after it has swollen in an aqueous liquid for 4 hours. 1 g test substance (Fine powder) was placed in 25 ml ground glass stoppered measuring cylinder with graduations in 0.5 ml divisions. The test substance was moistened with 1.0 ml of 96% ethanol and 25 ml distilled water was added. Cylinder was closed using stopper. Cylinder was shaken every 10 min time interval for 1 hour and then was allowed to stand for 3 hours. Volume occupied by the test sample was determined in ml after decanting the supernatant clear liquid. Swelling index was calculated from average of three tests. Same experiment was performed using 25 ml 0.1 N hydrochloric acid instead of distilled water. Swelling index was calculated using following equation. Vt = Volume occupied by test substance after hydration, at time 3 hrs. V0 = Volume occupied by test substance before hydration, at time zero. 5.2.2.4. Bulk density123 Bulk Density was determined using Borosil 50 ml measuring cylinder. The volume of 5 gm mucilage powder was noted. Value of Bulk density was calculated by, 5.2.2.5. Tapped density123 Tapped Density was determined using Borosil 50 ml measuring cylinder. The volume of known weight 5gm was noted. The cylinder was given 250 taps on using tapped density apparatus. Value of Tapped density was calculated by 5.2.2.6. Carrs compressibility index123 Carrs compressibility index of AER mucilage powder was calculated from respective tapped density and bulk density by, 5.2.2.7. Loss on drying88 In flat bottom dish, 50 mm in diameter and 30 mm in height, 1 g fine powdered test substance dried in oven at 100-105 C for 3 hours. The test substance was allowed to cool in desiccator over diphosphorus pentoxide for 24 hours and weighed. Percentage loss on drying was calculated by following equation. Weight of empty dish = A g Weight of test substance taken = Y g Weight of dish containing test substance after drying and placing in desiccator = B g Weight of test substance after drying = (B A) g

Social Problems With America Essay -- essays research papers fc

Social Problems in America   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many of Americans today do not take the time to realize that our nation is little by little falling apart. Our leaders are corrupt, our environment is being destroyed, and there are thousands of children being born each day. The three major social problems facing the American citizens in the 21st century are births to unmarried woman, being able to trust or government and or leaders, and lastly destroying the environment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first major social problem facing America today is the crisis of births to unmarried woman. In â€Å"Straight Line to Calamity† George Will writes, â€Å"rising illegitimacy is a self-reinforcing trend because of the many mechanisms of the intergenerational transmission of poverty. The principal one is: People tend to parent as they were parented.†(228). During the 60’s and 70’s a lot of people were having unprotected sex. This age in time most people were not worried about getting pregnant so they didn’t wear a condom to stop the pregnancies. This led to many unwanted pregnancies at early ages for girls. They were bringing up children when they were barley coming out of their teens. As the children were growing up, as Will states, the children were following in the parent’s footsteps. Most young parents really do not understand how to raise a child properly, meaning that they would raise their children the 2 same way they were brought up in the 60’s and 70’s. Later in the essay Will states; â€Å"Two supposed signs of the â€Å"crisis† are America’s high rate of infant mortality and low rate of immunization of preschool children.†(228). Many of the children that were being born were either under weight or not strong enough to survive. The use of drugs during this time was heavy, and this resulted in many infant deaths. The large-scale deaths to infants were due to the large number of teenage pregnancies, many of which were â€Å"born dead†. It is hard for a doctor to save a child that weighs less than 2 pounds and cannot breath on its own. Due to the increasing number of teen pregnancies lead to a population growth in America. In â€Å"Divine Revolution† Vaclav Havel writes, â€Å"Humankind today is well aware of the spectrum of threats looming over its head. We know that the number of people living on our planet is growing at a soaring rate and that within a relatively short... ...ize and understand a problem facing you before you can take action against it. The three social problems facing America in the 21st century are births to unmarried woman, being able to trust or government and or leaders, and lastly destroying the environment. Everyone has a responsibility as a citizen of America to do his duty to help our nation get better every day. By volunteering for special interest groups, not buying products that harm the world, and by being a little bit nicer to people the world be a little bit nicer. WORKS CITED 1. Havel, Vaclav. â€Å"The Divine Revolution† McGraw-Hill Reader. Gilbert H   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Muller, Ed. Boston McGraw-Hill, 2000 (337-341) 2. Machiavelli, Niccolo. â€Å"The Circle of Governments† McGraw-Hill Reader.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gilbert H. Muller, Ed. Boston McGraw-Hill, 2000 (230-233) 3. Muller, Gilbert H. Ed. The McGraw-Hill Reader   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Boston. McGraw-Hill, 2000 4. Will, George. â€Å"Straight Line to Calamity† McGraw-Hill Reader. Gilbert H. Muller, Ed. Boston McGraw-Hill, 2000 (227-229)

Comparing Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X grew up in different environments. King was raised in a comfortable middle-class family where education was stressed. On the other hand, Malcolm X came from and underprivileged home. He was a self-taught man who received little schooling and rose to greatness on his own intelligence and determination. Martin Luther King was born into a family whose name in Atlanta was well established. Despite segregation, Martin Luther King's parents ensured that their child was secure and happy. Malcolm X was born on May 19, 1925 and was raised in a completely different atmosphere than King, an atmosphere of fear and anger where the seeds of bitterness were planted. The burning of his house by the Klu Klux Klan resulted in the murder of his father. His mother later suffered a nervous breakdown and his family was split up. He was haunted by this early nightmare for most of his life. From then on, he was driven by hatred and a desire for revenge. The early backgrounds of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King were largely responsible for the distinct different responses to American racism. Both men ultimately became towering icons of contemporary African-American culture and had a great influence on black Americans. However, King had a more positive attitude than Malcolm X, believing that through peaceful demonstrations and arguments, blacks will be able to someday achieve full equality with whites. Malcolm X's despair about life was reflected in his angry, pessimistic belief that e quality is impossible because whites have no moral conscience. King basically adopted on an integrationalist philosophy, whereby he felt that blacks and whites should be united and live together in peace. Malcolm X, however, promoted nationalist and separatist doctrines. For most of his life, he believed that only through revolution and force could blacks attain their rightful place in society. Both X and King spread their message through powerful, hard-hitting speeches. Nevertheless, their intentions were delivered in different styles and purposes. "King was basically a peaceful leader who urged non-violence to his followers. He travelled about the country giving speeches that inspired black and white listeners to work together for racial harmony." (pg. 135, Martin Luther King Jr. and the Freedom Movement) Malcolm X, for the most part, believed that non-violence and integration was a trick by the whites to keep blacks in their places. He was furious at white racism and encouraged h is followers through his speeches to rise up and protest against their white enemies.

The Role Played by the International Force for East Timor in the East T

The Role Played by the International Force for East Timor (INTERFET) in the East Timorese Efforts to Achieve Independence Introduction East Timor (also called Timor-Leste in Portuguese) is a country in Southeast Asia. It was a Portuguese colony from the 16th century up until Portugal’s decolonisation in 1975. In 1976 Timor-Leste was invaded by Indonesia who sought to expand its territory. This lead to the development of long guerrilla warfare between the East Timorese who wanted their independence and the Indonesian troops who suppressed the East Timorese efforts to independence. This struggle for independence lasted from 1976 until 1999. This led to the deaths of a third of the East Timorese population due to conflict related causes. Following the fall of Indonesian President Suharto, the UN endorsed an agreement between Indonesia and Timor-Leste. Indonesia agreed to, albeit reluctantly, hold a referendum in Timor-Leste for independence or integration into Indonesia. This referendum was held in August 1999 and it was supervised by the UN. The votes in favour of independence were in the majority. However, th e referendum was followed by a violent reaction by the pro-integrationist East Timorese population, which were supported by Indonesian elements. The international community was very much appalled by the violence following the referendum and there was a change in the international climate in terms of humanitarian intervention following NATO’s intervention in Kosovo, the UN’s failure to act in Rwanda, and also the inaction of the international community in Bosnia. The change of international climate led to decisive action for Timor-Leste. Under the aegis of Australia, Indonesia reluctantly consented to the international pe... ...tribution to Asia-Pacific security architecture, Pacific Review: St Antony's College, Oxford, 2003. 2. Taylor, John G. East Timor: the price of freedom ( Zed Books) 1999 3. Vincent, R. J. Non-intervention and International Order. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974. Online sources 1. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade country/economy fact sheet on East Timor, Canberra, (Website). www.dfat.gov.au. 2. Kofi Annan, ‘Two concepts of sovereignty’, The Economist, 18 Sept. 1999, pp81-2 at p. 82. 3. "Operation Astute, Timor-Leste," Department of Defence, Canberra, (Website) www.defence.gov.au. 4. Security Council Authorizes Multinational forces In East Timor http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/1999/19990915.sc6727.doc.html. 5. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1272 S-RES-1272(1999) in 1999 (retrieved 2008-04-12)

Political Message

Nearly a quarter century ago, Denmark broke down barriers to become the first nation to legally recognize same-sex couples through registered partnerships. Same- sex marriage Is currently legally recognized nationwide In eleven nations – Argentina, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Iceland, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, South Africa, Spain and Sweden (The Economist, 2012). In the united States, the decision is made at the state level. After the 2012 elections, there are now nine states (Connecticut, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Vermont andWashington) and the District of Columbia who permit legally binding marriages between same-sex couples (The Economist, 2012). The Working Group, appointed by the PAP Council of Representatives, stated ‘The PAP recognizes the Importance of the institution of civil marriage which confers a social status with important legal benefits, rights and privileges (PAP, 2004). † Statues and Bates (2010) surveye d couples, both homosexual and heterosexual, on what words define marriage. In the surveys, the biggest theme, with 79%, was that marriage is â€Å"contractual. Another ajar theme was the Idea of â€Å"love† as being an Important part of a marriage – almost half of the respondents agreed. Additionally In the surveys respondents were asked about their stance on same-sex marriage – over half, 55%, were against a same-sex marriage but acknowledged the loving bond that comes from the relationship. Card (2007) contends that â€Å"the laws should no more declare which durable intimate sexual unions between freely consenting adults are legitimate and which are not than it should declare which newborns are legitimate and which are not. The language of he Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) does not specify the genders of the partners ? â€Å"Man and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality, or religion, have the right to marry and f ound and family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage, and at its dissolution. † But with the rights and privileges of marriage also come hardships and legalities if the union wishes to be dissolved. In heterosexual marriages the solution is easy. Show residency in the state where the divorce wishes to be granted and begin the legal proceedings.In homosexual marriages, the process Is fraught with complications. Even In states that do recognize gay marriage, gay divorce can soul be a legal mess because gay marriages aren't recognized by the federal government – or the IRS (Smith, 2011). Missouri was the first state to pass a referendum for a constitutional restriction limiting marriage to one man and one woman (Cooperate, 2004). The struggle continues with 31 states in agreement with an affirmative vote on a referendum. Additionally same-sex couples cannot get a divorce In over 80% of the nation and couples are not bound to live In the same s tate In which they married.Must the couple stay married since there is no clear avenue for dissolution? Should a state allow divorces when it does not allow marriages? What happens to the assets and dependents in a same-sex divorce? What are some precedents other countries have put into effect and could this work for the United States? This paper will address the conundrum of marriage equality at the beginning of a marriage and the limbo Same-Sex Divorce and the Legal System In 1942, the U. S. Supreme Court ruled that â€Å"marriage is one of the ‘basic civil rights of man,' fundamental to our very existence and survival† (Mourn, 2012).In landmark cases of the asses, including the watershed case of Loving v. Virginia in 1967, the court applied this line of thinking to interracial marriage and the subsequent legal acceptance nationwide, overturning a court decision held for 84 years. Almost a half century later, states are coming under the microscope with their Defense o f Marriage Acts, or Dooms, which detail how each state recognizes a legal marriage and its benefits, and the relationship of a DOOM to same-sex marriage and divorce requests.The birth of the DOOM began in Hawaii in 1991 when, in Hawaii, three same-sex peoples filed a state court civil lawsuit claiming that they were denied a marriage license based on discrimination of sex, in the case Baber v. Lenin (Thornton, 2009). While the trial court sided with the Department of Health (the department responsible for marriage licenses) the case was appealed to Hawaii's Supreme Court for further review, who eventually overturned the decision. The case sparked an interest in the federal House Committee on the Judiciary who were debating H.R. 3396, the proposal of DOOM, and considered that the Hawaii issue was â€Å"legal assault against traditional heterosexual marriage laws. (Thornton, 2009) DOOM passed in September 1996 with two purposes – â€Å"to defend the institution of traditional heterosexual marriage† and â€Å"to protect the right of the States to formulate their own public policy regarding the legal recognition of same-sex unions, free from any federal constitutional implications that might attend the recognition of one State of the right for homosexual couples to acquire marriage licenses. (Thornton, 2009) From an outsider's perspective, it could be perceived that the federal government was supporting heterosexual marriage (and, by default, not supporting same-sex arraign) but at the same time supporting a state's ability and responsibility to make a decision on the issue. This contradictory stance was positioning the DOOM to become a conflict-builder in the coming years after adoption. In 2008, then- presidential candidate Barack Obama, when he supported a full repeal of the DOOM act, stated that â€Å"Federal law should not discriminate in any way against gay and lesbian couples, which is precisely what DOOM does† (Mourn, 2012).Yet it is in the power of each state, not federal law, to determine what is and what not a marriage is. Some courts have asserted that they do not have subject-matter Jurisdiction over same-sex divorce (Byrne and Holcomb, 2011) while other states Justify their legal stance thusly – since they do not recognize same-sex marriage in that state, they cannot grant a subsequent same-sex divorce if the marriage in question is not recognized as legal. This unique situation is becoming commonly known as â€Å"wed- locked† (Landau, 2012).When a same-sex former couple is wed-locked, they cannot divide property and debt legally, have child custody and visitation issues, cannot marry and are deprived of psychological resolution of the former marriage. All fifty states have no-fault divorce options and cannot force couples to stay married (Brand Holcomb, 2012). Under this line of thinking, a same-sex divorce should be considered the same as a heterosexual divorce but there are vast differenc es and asserting that there were three reasons that led into the final decision that the â€Å"categorical denial of access to divorce is constitutionally suspect† (Byrne and Holcomb, 2012).The first reason is that couples who wish for a same-sex divorce are being denied access to courts. Secondly, couples cannot dissolve their legal marriage because of a court's monopoly on divorce (since marriage is a legal proceeding, a dissolution of such is also a legal proceeding). Lastly, since the same-sex former couple cannot be granted a legal divorce they therefore cannot remarry, which is Bodied acknowledged is a fundamental right. States have equal protection jurisprudence, or the requirement that people who are in a similar situation will be treated similarly (Byrne and Holcomb, 2012).So if a Judge denies a same-sex divorce, he is making a decision against constitutional rights that are protected. It is only institutional if the situation passes an equal protection review (Byrne and Holcomb, 2012). Prohibiting a same-sex divorce violates both substantive due process and equal protection under Bodied. Currently only the state of Georgia explicitly states in its constitutional Defense of Marriage Acts that it has no Jurisprudence in same-sex divorces (Byrne and Holcomb, 2011).Therefore the other 49 states should have subject matter Jurisdiction over same-sex divorces – but not all acknowledge as such. Over two decades ago a company began called Collaborative Practices, to offer an alternative to legal divorce for same-sex couples (Sacking, 2006). The company works together with the couple and a team of family law specialists, psychologists, financial advisors and more to work with the separating couples on non-controversial options to their ending relationship.Marietta Goldenness, a Collaborative attorney who specializes in LEGIT family law, states â€Å"to have to rely on a court system that doesn't protect your rights or legally recognize your iden tity is scary – very scary' (Sacking, 2006). The company currently practices in ten countries and in some U. S. States where a same-sex legal divorce is a hindrance. The problem with a state's Defense of Marriage Acts is that it was created for protecting marriage rights, and not necessarily the right to divorce. Yet a court does not need to recognize a marriage in order to grant the relief of a divorce.Divorce is not a â€Å"benefit of marriage† because a divorce is not asking for the rights and privileges of marriage – instead it is asking for the removal of such. Currently same-sex couples cannot be married in one state and presume that they'll receive or demand the marriage and divorce rights in their home state. There is no language in any state's DOOM that explicitly states that it provides relief of a same-sex divorce. Yet there is also no divorce statute that asserts that the marriage needs to be valid in the state in which the divorcing couple files. By rne, 2012). Stark Jokes that â€Å"gay divorce will lead to a change in the meaning of ‘gay divorcee'. No longer will it mean fun and carefree. Instead gay divorcees will be grouped together with the straight people who [hopefully] escaped bad marriages. (Stark, 2011)† Couples who are unable to divorce under these DOOM restrictions and limitations may also have their income h/she earns, while searching to secure a divorce, be regarded as â€Å"marital income†, which in some states have strict guidelines n how to divide it.A same-sex marriage partner may be forced to split his/her income earned months or years after the initial separation. Some states, such as Pennsylvania, have the authority to issue a declaration to void a marriage (Mourn, marriage with copious amounts of income, savings, real estate or possessions, might go about this option. Others, who feel as if a declaration negates the realness of a marriage (similar to an annulment) and who have material and immaterial goods shared throughout their relationship, may view the declaration as taking away each ember's marital rights to the other.If the marriage wasn't real in the court's eyes, then the division of property cannot exist. Yet courts regularly provide property division, custody orders and spousal support to same-sex couples (Byrne, 2012), so why can courts not grant a legal divorce or separation as well? An additional problem is that there is no guarantee that a declaration from one state will be upheld in another state that has a different standpoint on same-sex marriage and divorce. In contrast , all Nordic countries now have the term ‘registered partnership' to define a same-sex marriage.These registered partnerships are not part of the Marriage Act. Anchorperson, Knack, Asserted and Wooden-Faker(2006) states that â€Å"one reason was purely pragmatic, as it was easier to introduce a new law than to alter the existing one†. Another argument presented in the debate before Norwegian law was passed, was a fear that modifying the existing marriage code might be perceived as a threat towards marriage as a social institution and its unique position on society' (Anderson et al, 2006).However couldn't this be seen as a cry of support for heterosexual marriages if they are the standard for the social institution? Registered partnerships are given the hazy veil of marriage but not the symbolic Justifications. Yet where Norway registered partnerships stand out from U. S. ‘s same-sex marriages is the ease of the dissolution. Ending the relationship is very similar to the process of conferring the relationship. One, or both, partners file for a separation license and must be separated for at least one year before filing for divorce.Tax laws are also more lenient with the addition of four key statues – registered partner, separated partner, divorced partner and surviving partner. In comparison, in 2003 Canada's Divorce Act stipulated t hat legal separation would only be recognized as between â€Å"a man or women who are married to each other† (Hays, 2004). That changed in 2005 and again in 2012 with an amendment to the Civil Marriage Act with Bill C-32 (House of Commons of Canada, 2012). Bill C-32 is specifically for divorce of non-resident spouses.The former spouses must be living separate for at least one year before a couple can seek a divorce as well as be residing in a state (or country) â€Å"where a divorce cannot be granted because that state does not recognize the Aladdin of the marriage† (House of Commons of Canada, 2012 Another issue brought forth by Afar is what does it really mean to be a â€Å"man†, a â€Å"woman† or â€Å"opposite sex† in the legal system? (Afar, 2010) He questions what happens to the status of transgender people who legally change their identifying documents from â€Å"man† to â€Å"women† after a sex change, etc.If a former male, no w a legal woman, enters into a marriage and subsequent divorce with a male, what rights does the transgender person have in the divorce? Which matters more – the way a person was physically born or the body parts a person now possesses? The U. S. Supreme Court will hear challenges to the federal Defense of Marriage Act and Californians Proposition 8 ban this year (Grossman, 2013). Rulings in those cases, likely by late federal benefits and protections as opposite-sex married couples and whether a state can ban gay marriage. If the U. S.Supreme Court redefines legal marriage, a state that recognizes same-sex marriage might have to recognize a declaration of judgment from a non-recognizing state as terminating the marriage effectively, and vice versa. Also, redefining legal marriage will also affect the legal rights of parents and the definition off parent. Same-Sex Divorce and Children With same-sex commitment ceremonies, marriages, separations and attempts at divorce running parallel to those of heterosexual couples, one may ask – what does it really mean in this modern age to be a parent?Grossman (2013) visualizes: The Florida Supreme Court recently heard arguments in the case of a lesbian couple in which one of the women's eggs, fertilized with donor sperm and nurtured in vitro, was implanted in the birth mother/partner. The egg donor parent could not adopt their baby because Florida does not recognize same-sex marriages or permit same- sex adoption. Nine years later, the birth mother took off with their daughter. The original Judge in their custody battle granted custody to the birth mother. An appeals court overturned that Judgment, granting parental rights to both women.If the donor mom's rights are upheld by the state supreme court, the decision could redefine Florida law. Which of the mothers has more claim to the child – the one whose egg was used or the one who nurtured and gave birth to the child? Additionally, what assurance do the mothers have that their insurance company Coin policy if available, or separate) will carry the dependent of same-sex partners on the policy? Card (2007) writes that the denial of auxiliary benefits such as this is both an injustice and an arbitrary unjustified inequality to the dependent .In the absence of legal protections, lesbian co-mothers, if they are not the biological mother, are likely to lose access to the child they helped to parent (Abram, 1999). What happens to the child of two (or one, if one partner carried the child) non-biological parents during a divorce? If a presumed parent, one who has been in the child's life on an ongoing basis, is not legally recognized as the parent, due to the laws of same-sex marriage ND divorce in that state, does the parent have legal parental rights or visitation to the child?Allen (2007) relates a personal experience of ambiguous relationship. When one of the partners ends the relationship, all the so-called legal safeguards are nu ll and void except property rights, such as home ownership) because the law, the society, and the culture define former LEGIT partners and their children as legal strangers (Allen, 2007). The biological child of one partner and the biological child of the other partner (already born when the relationship began) do not have contact anymore since the family unit is now two separate family units.Thus when a same- sex marriage ends, there is cause for thought to gain the same legal benefits as a heterosexual divorce in terms of child custody and visitation rights. Summary The stance on marriage issues is currently both a unifier and a divider in political, social, economic and religious platforms. The same holds true for divorce and the roadblocks in obtaining a legal divorce – including vague laws, the interpretation of laws or code and child custody or visitation rights.

Nervousness and shyness Essay

Nervousness and shyness are always when it’s you’re first time. For many reason, and lot of stuff playing on my mind. Such, I do not know the people in the office; and I do not have any actual experience. That made me quiet at first. Trying to observe on how to get along with the employee. Later on, I found out that it wasn’t really difficult to mingle with the employee and to my co-trainee. In learned that most of them were jokers and they were so nice to trainee like me. As time goes by, the nervousness and shyness faded away made bonding and been close to the employees. And I feel happy and comfortable in the department I was assigned. My supervisor Mr. Wilfredo Solis, treat me as if I am one of his colleague. And even I’m just a trainee, it don’t made me feel uncomfortable as I worked with him and my interaction with other employees. I later learned to work with longer patient. Although, thoroughly working on something was time consuming. The output I have learned was a big factor that I considered. I learned from the employee and mostly on my supervisor experiences, and I apply it as whenever I needed to. I was encouraged to make well on my studies until I become professional. Sometimes, the warm temperature was a challenged on me, because there are times that I thought I might get sick. And I might get absent on my on-the-job duty. As a trainee or an intern, I have lots of duties or responsibilities to do on my assigned department. I was able to helped the regular employee especially my supervisor, through these following; †¢Reading transmitter Log. †¢Encoding Reports Furthermore, through these on-the-job training, it also enhanced my technical skills. That I know could be a plus point the sooner I landed on a job . And could help me eases the culture shock in dealing on the actual field and with different specialized people of their expertise. I learned a lot from my experiences as an On-the-Job Trainee of GMA TV10/RGMA Dagupan. First of all, I’m very much gratified for the support and understanding of my superiors especially on times when I committed mistakes. More than any learning thought in school, I learned to be with others, to work with people. I learn also to listen to my senior, Mr. Solis even though at times I can’t understand his instructions. I also learn to accept criticism and be apologetic for my mistakes. He particularly imparts in me what I must know in making use of corporate resources and corporate values. n sum, the whole OJT experience wasn’t as bad as I thought it would be. In fact, the 200 hours was a breeze except for those days when I had a hard time waking up, when traffic was really bad and when I was feeling lazy and out of it. Going to work and seeing some friendly faces helped a great deal. Having to do OJT with friends made it a whole lot easier for me. It was also nice to have to go to work together everyday with my sisters (and having occasional lunch outs at UCC or Oliver’s). I’m sure the real world wouldn’t always have as many friendly faces but we all, relationships that is, have to start somewhere. Before all the relationships and friendships have even started, we were but strangers in this sea of unfamiliar and nameless faces.

Minimum Wage Debate Essay

Poverty a problem the world has been faced with since things had value. People who live in poverty have families to feed and they have to work to feed them. As of October 2012 the minimum wage is 7.25$ an hour. That amount may have worked 3 Â ½ years ago when we implemented the new minimum wage but it doesn’t cut it anymore for the following 2 points. 1. Prices have been continuously getting higher. 2. Money is becoming worth less. Moving on to my first point prices are continuously getting higher. The average gas price for unleaded fuel in Virginia on July 7 2009 was 2.61$, a pound of bacon in July 2009 cost between 2/3$ and since then it has doubled in prices and now costs 5/6$. A kilowatt hour on average cost now cost 1.67 in July 2009 they cost almost .40$ less a 1.23$. These are only a few examples of the huge increase of prices on everything. People who were making the same amount of money 3 Â ½ years ago are making that same amount of money and can only afford around half of what they used to. A report from www.cnn.inflation.com shows that the huge increase in prices has led to a huge increase of people who are now classified as living in poverty. We need to increase the amount we pay these workers so that not only can we help balance the economy, but so we can help people get back on their feet. Moving on to my second point. Money is continuously becoming worth less. As of July 7, 2009 when he most recent minimum wage law was passed money has become worthless. According to www.minimumwage.gov money in the last 3 Â ½ years as become worth 5% less than its original value; meaning that when they made minimum wage 7.25$ now it is really only worth 2009’s equivalent of 6.88$. Though .37$ doesn’t seem like a lot once you add it up it can make all the difference, and for families who live paycheck to paycheck this can become a huge devastation. People always deserve to pay for what there government does. Though they are the ones that vote the politics into office it is the politician’s responsibility to make a better America. Poverty is like punishment for a crime you didn’t commit. ~Eli Khamarov, Lives of the Cognoscenti For these reasons Prices have been continuously getting higher, Money is becoming worth less. I urge you to pass tis bill.

Parental Care Essay

It cannot be denied that the development of the society has affected greater or less our lifestyles. Unfortunately, many parents have too little time and pay less attention to their children than in the past. Therefore, the inevitable result is that their kids will suffer. In the first place, people living in a modern world seem very busy with their work. They do not have time to look after their children, so they send children to school, where teachers are required to take responsibility for bringing up children instead of parents. Unfortunately, in some families, children only see their parents only in the evening. They do not have chance to talk or share thoughts and feelings together. According to a recent survey, a child who receives much attention from parents will perform better at school than a child who does not. For that matter, caring for children is necessary for their development. Besides, there are many other factors making parents concern less about their children. Indifference from parents can result from realizing that children are very bad-behaved, or being too disappointed when children get low marks at school. Seriously, in some cases, they hit children, losing the trust from them. Therefore, children are highly likely to commit crimes like robbery or be involved in drug trade. All things considered, I hold the view that children are less looked after by parents than in the past. It is my strong belief that parents should do something to secure a better life for their children.

Advanced Managerial Accounting Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Advanced Managerial Accounting Report - Essay Example On the other hand, Merchant uses a more optimistic approach in discussing the strategies that management could employ to encourage staffs. Merchant’s work is based on how management can effectively control employees’ actions for greater predictability of results, while Kohn’s article is focused on the incentive scheme as a way of improving employees’ output. The article by Kohn presents various weaknesses with the incentive plans adopted by many managers to motivate staff members. The author highlights some of the weaknesses of the incentive plans as temporary compliance by staffs, stretching relationships between employees, and discouragement of risk taking. According to the author, rewards are known to undermine interest and ignore the core reasons why good performance was achieved. Merchant shows that attempting to assert too much control over staff members can be counter-productive. The author suggests that adopting more interacting approaches rather than centralizing power and functions is key to motivating staffs to better

Why do Organizational Change Initiatives Often Fail Research Paper

Why do Organizational Change Initiatives Often Fail - Research Paper Example How to change may differ across organizations but change is essential for progress or as Abrahamson (2004) calls it â€Å"creative destruction†. Without pain no change is possible and the justification for change is â€Å"change or perish†. Change could involve a process, technology or public process. Research indicates that almost 56-70 percent of mergers and acquisitions fail to achieve the intended objectives while 90 percent of culture change initiatives fail (Atkinson, 2005). If the change objectives are not achieved, the organization should strive to evaluate the causes of failure. Once the causes can be identified it may be possible to apply change management procedure to achieve the change objectives. Consequences of change failure can be disastrous. Change failures not only result in waste of resources but when changes fail people go cynical and lose motivation to work. Failure in managing change can lead to preconceptions and perceptions that can have a demora lizing effect on employees. The causes of failures that have emerged include shortcomings in change leadership, insufficient attention given to the complexities in the change process, or repetitive change syndrome resulting in initiative overload, change chaos and cynicism. Failures could also occur due to lack of clear compelling statement or vision, or when there is no definite plan or directives, no goals and programs, no methods or deadlines. Speeding up the change process could lead to errors that could be devastating. Management may also fail to recognize that adjustment to change could take time. Various tools have been suggested to manage change effectively the most important suggestion being that change requires effective leadership; it requires more than just managing change. This should be a visionary leadership where the vision is effectively communicated to the people concerned. Empowerment is another effective tool to obtain the intended outcome in the change process a s empowerment helps eliminate the obstacles while it also reduces the alienated feeling that employees develop. However, a practicing manager needs to ensure that the stakeholders are involved in the change process from the very beginning. No sense of urgency should be transmitted as this could end up in change chaos. Communication should be honest and be able to generate trust and confidence. Short-term wins should be created as it is an effective tool in receiving cooperation for furthering the process of change. This research was conducted to synthesize the varied perspectives on change leadership and change models that could help an organization to achieve the change objectives. The research will review the top reasons for change initiative failure and how they can be remedied. Various change models of renowned scholars such as Kotter, Lewin, Bridges and Abrahamson have been reviewed and evaluated. 2. Literature Review 2.1 Causes of failure in the change process 2.1.1 Resistance to change Manifestation of resistance Employee resistance to change can be exhibited or communicated in a number of ways, the employees could express cynicism or they may not be â€Å"open† to change or â€Å"not ready† for change (Peccei, Giangreco & Sebastiano, 2011). The resistance to change manifests itself mainly through low-engagement in pro-change behaviors. There can even be more active anti-change behaviors as when people speak out in public against the change or when they undermine its implementation. Resistance is often displayed passively and covertly, asserts Atkinson. If they were displayed in a forthright manner it would have been possible to deal with them logically. Some times staff may attend a change project and display approval but underneath this external facade they nurture

Bacterial Transformation Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bacterial Transformation - Term Paper Example To this end, transformation entails the process in which DNA fragments are taken up by bacteria. Evidently, many contemporary scientists have discovered a variety of genetic modifications that invent bacterial strains which are more susceptible to transformation. Furthermore, they assist in maintaining the plasmid devoid of rearrangement and realignment of of the plasmid DNA. In addition, discoveries in contemporary treatments catalyze the efficiency of bacterial transformation. Consequently, they become highly susceptible to either electrical or chemical based transformation. This hence results to ‘competent cells.’ The major application for bacterial transformation includes gene therapy whereby defective cells are replaced with functional copies. Furthermore, it can be applied in the coding of genes for traits such as pest resistance or disease that may be transformed into plants. Furthermore, transformation of bacteria can occur with a gene for human hormone like insulin in order to stimulate production in mass quantities. Evidently, upon the occurrence of transformation, a plasmid is often transferred. To this end, a plasmid refers to a minute, circular DNA that occurs naturally in most bacteria. Furthermore, the plasmid occurs independently from the chromosomal DNA of the bacterium. In addition, it contains genes which are not normally evident in the bacterium. It is important to note that the extra genes at times supply a growth advantage for the bacteria. This can be through giving enzymes such as amylase and extra gene which breaks down beta lactamase or starches and eventually leads to a breakdown of antibiotic ampicillin. To this end, the growth of bacteria is evident even in places outside their natural setting. In the field of medicine, the ability naturally competent bacteria in acquiring plasmids that possess resistant antibiotic genes is deemed as critical. This has immensely influenced the development of new

Answer the question about a book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Answer the question about a book - Essay Example Under these missions, Hurtado narrows down to marriage, courtship, women as a component of the society and shows how they helped to reshape the roles and identities set by gender and race. This essay, therefore, will identify and show how marriage, courtship and gender facilitated the coming together of the various races in the state of California in the 1800s. Through these tools; gender, marriage and courtship, Hurtado has discussed the libertine in California which was part of the coming together of the various societies into one Californian community. The shackles of race that held these had to be broken through liberalization and marriage and courtship played the major role in this. Richards (1956) states, â€Å"dust was more plentier than pleasure, pleasures more enticing than virtue, fortune was the horse, youth in the saddle, dissipation the track, and desire the spur† (130). The libertine came because of the realization of the evils that were manifested through the tr agedy of a teenage death. It was in botched abortion or the brutalization of Indian woman that exposed the seamy underside of gender relations. To facilitate gender relation, Hurtado uses a market approach to examine the dynamics of gender. Hurtado argues that scarcity serves to raise the status of women by allowing them to escape the shackles of unwanted marriages as well as a disgraceful past. â€Å"Minority status does not usually confer power on the powerless, and California was no exception† (130). Hurtado however, interjects that even though the ‘freedoms’ were advantageous to women, they were not meant to benefit women but men though finding available women; available for sexual, social or matrimonial purposes in the scarce market. According to Richards (57), in the 1850 the ratio of men to women among the Caucasian population in the state of California was 12:2 but by 1860, it had dropped to 2:4. The ‘freedoms’ accorded to women however, rema ined and served to elevate relations among gender in the state. These ‘freedoms’ were however limited to poorer white women in relation to the colored women who were excluded. Courtship is the other tools that served in promoting cordial relations among the Spaniards, the Mexicans and the American natives in the historic California. Prior to making up their mind, to enter a marriage agreement or not courtship is a vital process .It serves to facilitate understanding and appreciation of the other person. In this process, it is not always that courtships will lead to marriage. As a result, in most cases, an individual will court several persons and at the end of the day, marry only one. In the 1800s California, this served as an opportunity for the various communities to know and understand each other (Chavez-Garcia 131). Men from the Spaniard community courting women from the Mexican or Native American communities would end up knowing many good virtues about them. This w ould be regardless of whether the relationship ended up in marriage or not, it was obvious that the courtship relation had served to know the other better and appreciate them more. Hurtado refers to women as the ‘civilizers’ in the frontiers. The other aspect, according to Hurtado, that served to elevate relations among the communities in California was culture. Culture is a broad aspect, and in this case, it is represented by marriage. The communities