Sams Surprise Essay Example for Free

Sams Surprise Essay Weve done it! shouted Janice, as she danced around the room. We can now do anything we want! Her husband, Sam, just stared at her, half asleep on the sofa. He had been down at the White Horse all afternoon, watching the horseracing with his mates. He had come home a bit worse for wear and was now thinking his wife of twenty-eight years had suddenly gone round the bend.  It was nine oclock on a Saturday evening. Janice called her husband into the dining room for his dinner. Slowly, Sam got up and staggered in, to be met with the overwhelming scent of burning candles and incense sticks all around the tiny room. It was a beautiful aroma but very sickening at the same time. On the table was his favourite meal, medium rare steak and oven chips with lots of mushrooms and pepper sauce; the smell wafted through the air mingling with the scent of the candles. In the middle of the table was a very large bottle of champagne. Only two place settings were on the table, with new champagne glasses. The way Sam was feeling, it was the last thing he wanted to drink!  Why had his wife gone to all this trouble? Had she a big win on the horses? Unlikely, she always said that only fools gamble on the horses, that it was a mugs game to throw away all that hard-earned money on a silly old nag. If Sam had asked his wife what she was up to, she would tease him all night trying to get him to guess what it was. He knew her too well, and he was not in the mood for guessing tonight. His hangover was starting to set in. His tongue was feeling strange; it was as if a hamster had left its fur on it! Someone had got into his head and was thumping a drum, very badly. Sam decided to play along with her, after all shell tell him soon enough, because she could never keep a secret for long, it would be eating her up in no time at all. Then it suddenly hit him, the day, the time; it could only be one thing! Her only vice was the National Lottery if youre not in, you dont win was her motto. Maybe now it had paid off! She did say We could do anything we want. That must be it!  All of a sudden, Sams hangover was cured, he decided he did feel like drinking some champagne and even the candles and incense sticks were not as nauseating as first suspected. Janice appeared at the doorway looking very sexy in a beautiful black negligee, her hair had been tied back, with only a few strands dangling around her face. She was wearing a lot of make-up. Janice never wore make-up, she said it made women look tarty and out for a good time! She was always telling our two daughters, Kellie and Katie not to wear too much makeup when they were going out, as men would get the wrong impression. She had been quite a strict mother. No short skirts or low cut tops were allowed to be worn by her daughters!  The girls were twenty-two and twenty-four years of age now, living their own lives in the next town with their partners. Their son, Daniel, who was twenty, was the only one still living at home. It had been very quiet in the house; all evening, no loud music could be heard coming from Daniels room. Which was unusual. He loved his Eminem music to be played so loud that the whole street could enjoy it! Thump, thump, thump, was all that could be heard when coming round the corner at the end of the street, however the neighbours very rarely complained about it. Maybe he had gone out for a change but he never went out, his girlfriend, Jayne, always came here. This was all very strange.  Sams thoughts drifted back to his wife standing in the doorway. The last time he saw her looking like this was on their honeymoon. It brought back wonderful and distant memories of the Isle of Man, where they had spent two glorious weeks, hardly stepping outside their hotel room! Janice strolled over to her husband, cupped his face gently with her hands and kissed him lovingly on the lips, and whispered, I love you. Sam was completely taken aback; it was all so out of character for his wife to behave like this. Thoughts started running through his mind. Had she something to tell him? Was she having an affair? Poor Sam was totally bemused as to what was going on in his wifes head.  Sam ignored all of these thoughts; his wife would never have an affair. She took her wedding vows very seriously, every one of them! He started thinking again of the most likely reason for her behaviour, the Lottery! He started to eat his dinner, thinking of all the things they could do with the money a foreign holiday, new house, new car, the list was endless. He was getting very excited, he was dreaming about lying on a yacht in the middle of the Mediterranean, drinking champagne, when suddenly Janice proposed a toast Heres to us being able to enjoy life and to do exactly as we please, when we please, now that Daniel has finally left home!  Suddenly Sam felt very ill. Although the meal looked delicious, it didnt taste as nice as he first thought and he certainly did not enjoy it as much as he thought he would, considering his dreams had come crashing down around him!

Winston Churchill Essay -- essays research papers

Winston Churchill: Britain’s Man of the Century Never give in–never, never, never, never, in nothing great or small, large or petty, never give in except to convictions of honour and good sense. Never yield to force; never yield to the apparently overwhelming might of the enemy. Winston S. Churchill It was words such as these and the certitude in which he said them that played an important role in guiding Britain’s people through the trials and tribulations of the Second World War. Churchill was also an accomplished writer who composed several campaign reports and was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1953 for his six volume history of World War II. But there is much more to this noble man other than his tongue and his pen. Sir Winston Spencer Churchill is a great mind because of the everlasting impression he left on Britain through his genuine leadership, his firm resolution, and his unrelenting defiance. It was divine intuition that put Winston Churchill in a position of leadership made evident by the amazing effect he had on his countrymen through the words that he spoke and through his idea of forming the "Grand Alliance". When his speeches were broadcasted over the radio during wartime, Britain stopped. Every citizen listened to each word he said with great attentiveness. Churchill’s Blood, Sweat and Tears speech is a fine example of his beautiful art of speaking as it filled the people of Britain with much needed hope and bountiful courage: You ask, what is our policy? I say it is to wage war by land, sea, and air. War with all our might and with all the strength God has given us, and to wage war against a monstrous tyranny never surpassed in the dark and lamentable catalogue of human crime. That is our policy. (Churchill) His manner of speaking was just as important as what he was saying, hence without his brilliant oratory, Churchill would not have been as successful in politics. As far back as 1930, Winston Churchill had the idea that the only way to stop Hitler was to form the "Grand Alliance" with France and the Soviet Union. He was certain that a unified and resolute front could cause Hitler to back down. It wasn’t until 1941 that his idea was put into action, but when in place, the "Grand All... ... Parliament rarely changed parties and Churchill was execrated for years by the Conservatives for his betrayal. Unaffected by his former party, Winston Churchill, as undersecretary of state for the Liberals, played a considerable part in making peace with the Boers. His decision to leave the Conservatives was largely criticized, but the ends justified the means in this case as it led to his political greatness. Winston Churchill lead his country with such grace through the uncertain times of war, he showed great resolve especially while Prime Minister during Britain’s darkest hour, and he also chose to defy strong opposing forces to maintain honesty within himself. On January 24, 1965, Sir Winston Churchill died of a massive stroke and was later buried in a little churchyard near Blenheim Place, his birthplace. Winston Churchill was a very kind and gentle man with a terrific sense of humour and it is safe to say that such an individual will never again come to pass. Although he lies in eternal rest today, his unmatched spirit lives on in the heart and soul of every British citizen of the past, present, and future.

Viscosity

Viscosity of Liquids Part I: Low Viscosities Mona Kanj Harakeh 1 Objectives †¢ To measure and analyze the viscosities of ideal (Toluene/p-Xylene) and nonideal (Methanol/Water) binary solutions and their components. †¢ To determine the Activation Energy to viscous flow. †¢ The effect of temperature change on the viscosity will be studied. Method: The viscosities of liquids are determined by measuring the flow time for various liquids in an Ostwald viscometer. 2 Ostwald viscometer 3 Viscosity †¢ The resistance of a liquid to flow is called its viscosity Viscosity is a property of liquids that is important in applications ranging from oil flow in engines to blood flow through arteries and veins. Measuring viscosity †¢ How long a liquid takes to flow out of a pipette under the force of gravity. †¢ How fast an object (steel ball) sinks through the liquid under gravitational force. 4 Molecular properties contributing to viscosity Viscosity arises from the dire cted motion of molecules past each other, it is a measure of the ease with which molecules move past one another. It is affected by many factors such as: †¢ Molecular size. Molecular shape. †¢ Intermolecular interactions (attractive force between the molecules). †¢ Structure of the liquid itself. †¢ Temperature(Viscosity decreases with increasing temperature the increasing kinetic energy overcomes the attractive forces and molecules can more easily move past each other). 5 Viscosity ? The IUPAC symbol of viscosity is the greek symbol eta â€Å"? †. ? Viscosity â€Å"? † of a fluid is its resistance to flow. ? When a Liquid flows, whether through a tube or as the result of pouring from a container. Layers of liquid slide over each other. The force (f) required is directly proportional to the Area (A) and velocity (v) of the layers and inversely proportional to the distance (d) between them. Av Equ. 1 f fd gcms cm ? ? gcm ? 1 s ? 1 ? 1 piose ? 1P Av cm 2 cms ? 2 ?2 d unit of viscosity 6 Viscosity Units The unit of viscosity is the poise named after Poiseuille Jean Louis Marie. It is most commonly expressed in terms of centipoise â€Å"cP†. The centipoise is commonly used because water has a viscosity of 1. 0020 cP at 20oC; the closeness to one is a convenient coincidence. The SI unit of viscosity is Pascal-second (Pa ·s) = N ·s m–2 or Kg m-1 s-1. †¢ In cgs unit 1 Poise â€Å"P† = 1 g. cm-1. s-1 (dyne . s) 10-2 Poise â€Å"P†= 1 centipoise â€Å"cP† 1 Pa. s = 103 cP 10 P = 1 Kg ·m? 1 ·s? 1 = 1 Pa. s 1 cP = 0. 001 Pa. s = 1 mPa. s †¢ The conversion between the units: 1 P = 0. 1 Pa. s For many liquids at room temperature the viscosity is very small 7 (0. 002-0. 04) therefore (10-2 P), centiP is often used. Ostwald Method †¢ Time for fixed volume V of liquid to fall through a capillary into a reservoir Upper Fiducial mark – Depends on density. – Depends on visc osity. Reference liquid is used. †¢ This type can be used for liquids of viscosity up to 100 poise. Lower Fiducial mark 8 Ostwald Method The rate of flow R (cm3/sec) of a liquid through a cylindrical tube of radius r and length l under a pressure head P is given by the Pousille equation. Equ. 2 Measurement of P, r, t, V, and l permits the calculation of the viscosity: Equ. 3 It is easier to measure the viscosity of a liquid by comparing it with another liquid of known viscosity. Since P = ? gh Equ. 4 The viscosity of a solution can be determined relative to a reference liquid (de-ionized H2O). 9Oswald viscometer The Oswald viscometer is a simple device for comparing the flow times of two liquids of known density. If the viscosity of one liquid is known, the other can be calculated. Ostwald viscometer is used to measure the low viscosities’ liquid. After the reservoir is filled with a liquid, it is pulled by suction above the upper mark. The time required for the liquid t o fall from mark 1 to mark 2 is recorded. Then the time required for the same volume of a liquid of known viscosity to flow under identical conditions is recorded, and the viscosity is calculated with Equation ? ? ? k? Equ. 5 ? ? ( r ) ? t ? r tr Where â€Å"r† refers to the viscosity, density and flow time for a reference liquid, usually water. Therefore it is important to do set of measurements of known liquid and at controlled temperature. 10 Fluidity Equ. 6 †¢ The reciprocal of viscosity is fluidity, F ? ? †¢ The concept of fluidity can be used to determine the viscosity of an ideal solution. †¢ One particular advantage for fluidity is that the fluidities of mixed binary solutions of liquids a and b are approximately additive. So if each pure liquid has fluidities Fa and Fb, the fluidity of a mixture is given by: where ? a and ? b is the mole fraction of component a and b respectively, †¢ Fluidity equation is only slightly simpler than the equivalent e quation in terms of viscosity  µ = ? : Equ. 8 †¢ where ? a and ? b is the mole fraction of component a and b respectively, and ? a and ? b are the components of pure viscosities. †¢ The viscosity of the mixture is not linear 11 Kendall proposed another approach for expressing the viscosity of a mixture: ln? ? ? A ln? A ? ? B ln? B Equ. 9 Where xA and xB are the mole fractions of component A and B respectively, and ? A and ?B are the components as pure viscosities. The above equation is valid for the Ideal Solutions such as Toluene/p-Xylene in which the interaction energies between the components are the same as those between the pure components. The failure of component fluidities to be additive in the mixed state arises, then, either from the formation of association complexes between the components or from the destruction of such complexes that may be present in the pure components after the pure components are mixed. Under this circumstance the following equations wou ld not be valid: and ln? ? ? A ln?A ? ? B ln? B 12 Temperature Dependence of Viscosity †¢ Over a reasonably wide temperature range, the viscosity of a pure liquid increases exponentially with inverse absolute temperature. †¢ This relation was first expressed quantitatively by Arrhenius E? (1912). ? ? A exp( †¢ Where A is a constant for a given liquid and E? is the activation energy of viscosity. †¢ The transported molecules should overcome the activation energy in order to overcome intermolecular attractive forces. RT ) Equ. 10 †¢ A plot of ln ? against 1/T (Arrhenius plot) should be linear and have a slope equal to E? R. E ln ? ? ln A ? ? Equ. 9 RT 13 Experimental †¢ To measure the viscosity by Ostwald method, A liquid is allowed to flow through a thin-bore tube (< 1 mm) then the flow rate is determined and the physical dimensions for the tube should be known exactly. †¢ Ostwald viscometer should be calibrated with a reference liquid therefore the radius and Length of the viscometer can be known precisely. †¢ Operationally, the experiment is done by measuring the time required for a given volume of liquid to flow through the viscometer capillary. †¢ The driving force is the gravity. Ostwald viscometer is designed to keep the height of the separation of the upper and lower levels of the flowing liquid as constant as possible. 14 Calibration of the Ostwald Viscometer †¢ Ostwald viscometer is calibrated using 10 mL of purified water. The flow rate, density and known viscosity of purified water are used to calculate k. Measurement of viscosity of different solutions †¢ The viscosity of two mixed solutions with different percentages of liquids will be measured using Ostwald method. Chemicals Molar Mass(g/mol) Molecular Formula Methanol 32. 04 CH O Toluene 92. 4 CH A- Toluene/p-xylene p-Xylene 106. 16 CH Water 18. 02 HO B- Methanol/Water †¢ Measure the viscosity for each pure liquid then measure the viscos ity 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% percentages by volume. 4 7 8 8 10 2 15 Procedure: Suspend the viscometer into a large beaker (2-L) of water that is placed on a hot plate, that is as close to 25 ° C as possible. Make sure the viscometer is fully immersed in the water. 1. Pipette 10 ml of de-ionized water of known density into the Ostwald viscometer and allow time for the liquid to equilibrate to the temperature of the bath.Then use a pipette bulb to push or pull the liquid level up above the upper fiducial mark on the viscometer. Allow the water to run back down and start the timer exactly as the meniscus passes the upper mark. Stop the timer just as the meniscus passes the lower mark. Repeat at least twice. Your flow times should agree to within about 0. 4 seconds. 2. Clean and dry the viscometer by running a few milliliters of acetone through it. Drain the acetone and aspirate for about a minute to evaporate all the acetone. 3. Determine the flow times of each of your methanol/water 16 solutions at 25 ° C. Procedure: cont’d . Complete the series by measuring the flow time for pure Methanol. Repeat each at least twice. Your flow times should agree to within about 0. 4 seconds. 5. Clean and dry the viscometer as before. 6. Determine the flow times of each toluene/p-xylene solution as in step 3. End the determinations with the pure p-xylene. 7. For our temperature work heat the water bath in roughly 5 to 10 degree increments and determine the flow time of the pure pxylene as before at each temperature. Make sure that the temperature is constant. The exact temperature is not important as long as it is known to  ± 0.  °C, and that the viscometer has had time to equilibrate to a new temperature. Stop at about 60 ° C. 17 Table Data 1: The flow times of each of ( methanol/water) and (toluene/p-xylene) solutions at 25oC %by volume 100% water 20% methanol 40% methanol 60% methanol 80% methanol 100% methanol Flow time (1) (s) Flow time (2) (s) Flow time (3) ( s) Average Flow time (s) 100% p-xylene 20% toluene 40% toluene 60% toluene 80% toluene 100% toluene 18 The flow times of methanol at different temperature: Table Data 2: The flow times of p-xylene at different temperature.Temperature Flow time (1) (s) Flow time (2) (s) ( °C) 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 Flow time (3) (s) Average Flow time (s) 19 Viscosity Table of Results 1: Methanol, volume % 0% Methanol Methanol , weight % The flow times of a series of Water/Methanol solutions that are 0,20,40,60, 80, and 100% by volume. Average Flow time, t (sec) viscosity, ? (cP) ? ? k? t Fluidity F ? Density, ? (g/mL) ? 1 100% Water 20 40 0 density of H2O 0. 99704 0. 971 0. 944 ? of H2O 0. 8904 16. 54 34. 57 60 80 100 54. 33 76. 02 100 0. 909 0. 859 0. 788 20 Density of Methanol/Water Mixtures at 25 0CViscosity Table of Results 1: Cont’d %by volume Densi Mole fraction ln? ? ? ln? ? ? ln? A A B B ty (g/ml ) 0. 997 0. 971 0. 944 0. 909 0. 859 0. 788 Xwater =1 Xwater= Xmethanol= Xwater= Xme thanol= Xwater= Xmethanol= Xwater= Xmethanol= Xmethanol=1 viscosity ? (cP) Fluidity F ? ? A FA ? ? B FB 100% water 20% methanol 40% methanol 60% methanol 80% methanol 100% methanol 21 Viscosity Table of Results 2: The flow times of a series of toluene/p-xylene solutions that are 0,20,40,60, 80, and 100% by volume. Density, ? (g/mL) Average Flow time, t (sec) Viscosity, ? (cP) ? k? t Toluene, volume % Fluidity F ? ? 1 0%Toluene (100% pxylene) 20% Toluene 40 60 80 100 0. 857 0. 858 0. 859 0. 859 0. 960 0. 861 Density of Toluene/p-Xylene Mixtures at 25 °C 22 Viscosity Table of Results 2: Cont’d %by volume 100% pxylene 20% toluene 40% toluene 60% toluene 80% toluene 100% toluene Densit y (g/ml ) 0. 857 0. 858 0. 859 0. 859 0. 960 0. 861 Mole fraction ln? ? ? A ln? A ? ? B ln? B viscosity ? (cP) Fluidity F ? ? A FA ? ? B FB Xp-xylene =1 Xtoluene = Xp-xylene = Xtoluene = Xp-xylene = Xtoluene = Xp-xylene = Xtoluene = Xp-xylene = Xtoluene =1 3 Table of Results 3 : T(oC) 20 25 D (g mL-1) 0. 879 0. 857 ln ? vs. 1/T ln ? T(K) 1/T Average ? Flow time, ? ? k? t t (sec) 30 35 0. 852 0. 848 40 45 0. 943 0. 839 50 55 0. 834 0. 830 60 0. 825 24 1. Determine the viscosity coefficient for the methanol/water solutions and toluene/p-xylene solutions using equation ? ? k?. t Calculate Fluidity using equation ? 2. Calculate viscosity ? for the above solutions using equation ln? ? ? A ln? A ? ? B ln? B Calculate Fluidity using equation for all above solutions using equation F ? ? A FA ? ? B FBData Analysis F ? 1 3. Compare the viscosity of the methanol/water mixtures to the toluene/pxylene mixtures by graphing the value of the viscosity coefficient (? ) versus the volume percentage of each mixture. Comment on the shape of the graphs. Comment on the â€Å"ideality† of the two solutions. 4. Next look at the dependence of viscosity of p-Xylene on temperature. Plot ln ? vs. 1/T and determine the activation energy and the error in the activation energy. (Use Excel to get t he error in the slope and use it in a simple propagated error analysis) 25

Dialectical Behavior Therapy Is A Second Wave Therapy

Dialectical Behavior Therapy is a Third Wave Therapy created by Marsha Linehan in the 1970’s. It comes from a Cognitive Behavioral perspective. In High School she wanted to become a psychiatrist and work with the most mentally disturbed patients. She realized, however, that there weren’t a lot of effective treatments for these patients. She then decided to earn a PhD in experiential personality psychology (Prochaska Norcross 2014 p. ). Linehan wanted to work with the most difficult patients, but she realized often they were not willing to participate. She theorized that comprehensive psychotherapy should meet the following five vital functions: â€Å"1. Enhance and maintain the client’s motivation to change 2. Enhance the client’s capabilities 3. Ensure that the client’s new capabilities are generalized to all relevant environments 4. Enhance the therapist’s motivation to treat clients while also enhancing the therapist’s capabilities 5. Structure the environment so that treatment can take place (What is DBT? 2016).† In an effort to fulfill these requirements, she created a dialectic therapy. â€Å"The term ‘dialectical’ means a synthesis or integration of opposites. The primary dialectic within DBT is between the seemingly opposite strategies of acceptance and change† (What is DBT? 2016). Acceptance borrows from Carl Roger’s unconditional positive regard. DBT helps patients cope with powerful, overwhelming emotions when working to change habits or putting themselves in newShow MoreRelatedThe First Wave Of Psychological Therapy1386 Words   |  6 PagesThe first wave of psychological therapy focused on the clinical application of behavior principles. The second wave introduced cognition into therapy and linked the idea of irrational thoughts to behavioral issues (Hayes, Follette, Linehan, 2004). The third wave is the most current theory which focuses on traditional cognitive-behavioral concepts with the addition of mindfulness techniques and the acceptance of thoughts (Hayes, Masuda, Bissett, Luoma, Guererro, 2004). This third wave of cognitive-behavioralRead MoreBehavioral Therapy ( Bt ) And Cognitive Therapy1903 Words   |  8 PagesBehavioral Therapy (BT) and Cognitive Therapy (CT) are two of the most common therapies used my psychologists/therapists today. In this paper I will be discussing how BT and CT approach the many aspects of the therapeutic process, including, but not limited to, the focus of the therapy and how the therapist approaches a client’s problems. As a conclusion, I will be comparing the overall beliefs and practices of cognitive and behavioral therapies. What is Behavioral Therapy? Before I dive into whatRead MoreBehavior Therapy: Basic Concepts, Assessment Methods, and Applications.2912 Words   |  12 PagesBehavior Therapy: Basic Concepts, Assessment Methods, and Applications. Different kinds of psychotherapies have existed throughout history, and have always been rooted in philosophical views of human nature (Wachtel P., 1997). Specifically, behavior therapy intents to help individuals overcome difficulties in nearly any aspect of human experience (Thorpe G. Olson S., 1990). The techniques of behavior therapy have been applied to education, the workplace, consumer activities, and even sportsRead Moreâ€Å"How Can Modern Behavioural Therapies Help a Client Accept Uncertainty About Their Future?†3066 Words   |  13 PagesAbstract: â€Å"How can modern behavioural therapies help a client accept uncertainty about their future?† Introduction: I will demonstrate a good knowledge and understanding focusing on REBT and CT, combining them to produce a fluid response to answer the question. Background: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is a generic umbrella term for a category of therapy approach that focus on the relationship between thoughts, feelings, and actions. There are many different types ofRead Morewisdom,humor and faith19596 Words   |  79 Pagesconception of some eminency in ourselves, by comparison with the infirmity of others, or with our own formerly.† Conversely, Solomon thinks that in viewing folly (for example, that of the Three Stooges comedies) we can see our own tendency to unwise behavior and that it can help us become more modest and compassionate—both important steps to becoming wiser. The encyclopedia essay also indicates that some thinkers view humor as a form of play and that humor has â€Å"until recently has been treated as roughly